From Babylon a report was now brought by deserters and confirmed by his prisoners of war, that the Assyrian king had gone off in the direction of Lydia with many talents of gold and silver and with other treasures and jewels of every sort. [1.6.31] "Yes, my son," said he; "it is said that in the time of our forefathers there was once a tof the boys who, it seems, used to teach them justice in the very way that you propose; to lie and not to lie, to cheat and not to cheat, to slander and not to slander, to take and not to take unfair advantage. For those men are not yet valiant warriors, who, however skilful in the use of bow or spear and in horsemanship, are still found wanting if it is ever necessary to suffer hardship; such persons are mere tiros when it comes to hardships.
[1.2.7] Youth Schooling: Justice & Gratitude. But if we get fortresses, these will alienate the country from the enemy while everything will be smooth sailing for us. [1.6.26] "But, father, when once your soldiers had supplies and were well and able to endure toils, and when they were practised in the arts of war and ambitious to prove themselves brave, and when they were more inclined to obey than to disobey, under such circumstances do you not think it would be wise to desire to engage the enemy at the very first opportunity?" And while this was a great task, still, to understand how to govern other people so that they might have all the necessaries of life in abundance and might all become what they ought to be, this seemed to us worthy of all admiration." And in addition to this, we reflected that are the rulers of their horses, and that all who are called herdsmen might properly be regarded as the rulers of the animals over which they are placed in charge. [6.1.33] But when Araspas, thinking that he should thus further the attainment of his desires, threatened the woman that he would use force if she would not submit willingly, then in fear of outrage the lady no longer kept it secret but sent her eunuch to Cyrus with instructions to tell him the whole story. Now Cyrus stood there, for he had dismounted, and was vexed at being spoken to in this way. "And the marshal," said Cyrus, "who is he?" [1.6.21] "This, my son, is the road to compulsory obedience, indeed, but there is another road, a short cut, to what is much better--namely, to willing obedience. Xenophon was a soldier, mercenary and author. After spending that day in the manner described, they dined and went to rest. [6.2.25] "Friends and allies, our souls and bodies and the arms that we shall have to use have, with God's help, long since been made ready. [6.2.33] for he that whets his spear whets his courage, in a way, at the same time; for a man must be overcome with shame to be whetting his spear and yet feel himself a coward. [1.2.5] Twelve Tribes.
And I fared thus at my own expense.

"We must also have a good supply of lumber for the chariots and the wagons, for from constant use many parts necessarily become defective. [6.2.38] "And any merchant who wishes to accompany us, seeking a market for his wares, may do so; but if he is caught trying to sell anything within the number of days for which the troops are ordered to furnish their own provisions, he shall have all his goods confiscated. [6.3.35] Thus did Cyrus plan his order of battle. According to the depth that I shall give my line of battle, I think I shall bring the entire line into action and make it everywhere mutually helpful. Thus he spoke; and the allies were all pleased with his speech and applauded. But Cyrus, recognizing that he had gone for the purpose of forming, if he could, a coalition against him, made vigorous counter preparation in the expectation that he would have to fight again. But if we wish to go on with the war, this I say we must do: we must try as quickly as we may to get possession of as many as possible of their forts and build for ourselves as many as we can. "What more need I add?" In the course of time Astyages died in Media, and Cyaxares, the son of Astyages and brother of Cyrus's mother, succeeded to the Median throne. And then again, we have never known of a herd conspiring against its keeper, either to refuse obedience to him or to deny him the privilege of enjoying the profits that accrue. Book 6, Section 3 [1.2.16] There remains even unto this day evidence of their moderate fare and of their working off by exercise what they eat: for even to the present time it is a breach of decorum for a Persian to spit or to blow his nose or to appear afflicted with flatulence; it is a breach of decorum also to be seen going apart either to make water or for anything else of that kind. [1.3.13] But when Mandane was making preparations to go back to her husband, Astyages asked her to leave Cyrus behind. And when they had come together, he addressed them as follows: [1.5.4] Now when Cyaxares heard of the plot and of the warlike preparations of the nations allied against him, without delay he made what counter preparations he could himself and also sent to Persia both to the general assembly and to his brother-in-law, Cambyses, who was king of Persia. And when I shook my head in response to this likewise, you questioned me again whether he had given me any lessons to teach me how best to secure obedience on the part of an army. - Book 8, [1.1.1] Forms of Governance: Republican vs. Monarchy. Accordingly, when Cyrus saw that all were ready to do whatever he suggested, he finally said: "Well then, if we wish to put into execution what we say we ought to do, we should as soon as possible procure siege-engines to demolish the enemy's forts, and builders to erect strong towers for our own defence." And besides, at dinner you shall go whatever way you please to what seems to you to be temperance. The boys go to school and spend their time in learning justice; and they say that they go there for this purpose, just as in our country they say that they go to learn to read and write. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Cyropaedia (The Education of Cyrus) by Xenophon. Now we noticed, as we thought, that all these herds obeyed their keepers more readily than men obey their rulers. [1.5.10] "But when men go through all this toil and then allow themselves to become old and feeble before they reap any fruit of their labours, they seem to me at least to be like a man who, anxious to become a good farmer, should sow and plant well but, when harvest time came, should permit his crop to fall back again to the ground ungathered. So instruct your captains and lieutenants to form a line with each separate platoon two deep." Besides these, we must have a shovel and mattock for every wagon, and for each pack-animal an axe and a sickle; for these are useful to each one individually and often serviceable for the common good as well. [6.2.15] "What in the name of heaven, pray, would you who are now afraid have done, if the situation were reversed and some one told you that these forces that we have now were coming against us? Why, then, should I tell of these things one by one? For, as a matter of course, boys also prefer charges against one another, just as men do, of theft, robbery, assault, cheating, slander, and other things that naturally come up; and when they discover any one committing any of these crimes, they punish him, [6.2.26] Accordingly, we must put up and carry with us food enough; for without this we should be unable either to fight or to live. So large was the army given to Cyrus. In the same way we do not discuss sexual matters in the presence of very young boys, lest in case lax discipline should give a free rein to their passions the young might indulge them to excess." [6.2.24] This, then, is my proposal; but if any one thinks that any other course would be safer or easier for us, let him inform us." "Yes," said he; "for, methinks, we did not permit you to shoot at people nor to throw your spear at them; but we taught you to shoot at a mark, in order that you might not for the time at least do harm to your friends, but, in case there should ever be a war, that you might be able to aim well at men also. And they armed their horses also with frontlets and breastplates; the saddle-horses also they armed with thigh-pieces and the chariot teams with side-armour. And somehow his horse in taking a leap fell upon its knees and almost threw him over its head. And besides, they teach them self-restraint in eating and drinking; and it greatly conduces to this also that they see that their elders do not leave their post to satisfy their hunger until the officers dismiss them; and the same end is promoted by the fact that the boys do not eat with their mothers but with their teachers, from the time the officers so direct. - c. [6.3.16] And now, Araspas, I have not forgotten what I promised you, and I will fulfil it, and all these men shall help me; for it is only right, my friends, that you also should all honour him as a valiant man.

They have their so-called "Free Square," where the royal palace and other government buildings are located. [1.2.4] This square, enclosed by the government buildings, is divided into four parts; one of these belongs to the boys, one to the youths, another to the men of mature years, and another to those who are past the age for military service. "Such, my son," he said, "that you would be at the same time the most righteous and law-abiding man in the world." Now we have heard from you what it is of the first importance for us to learn. Do not feel that way, pray; for I have heard say that even gods are victims of love; and as for mortals, I know what even some who are considered very discreet have suffered from love. They teach the boys self-control also; and it greatly conduces to their learning self-control that they see their elders also living temperately day by day. [6.3.33] "And you, the commander of the men on camels, take your position also behind the women's carriages and do whatever Artagerses commands you. [6.2.11] This army, they said, was being mustered at the River Pactolus, but it was their intention to advance to Thymbrara, where even to-day is the rendezvous of the king's barbarians from the interior. [6.3.14] Accordingly, Hystaspas went away and donned his armour; the men from Cyrus's body-guard rode off at once, as he had ordered. [6.3.21] Cyrus Draws Up Battle Plans.


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